Electrolytic apparatus for recovering metals from solutions.



W; A. HENDRYX. ELEGTROLYTIU APPARATUS POR'REGOVBRING- METALS FROMSOLUTIONS,

APPLICATION FILED APR- 23. 1906.

Patented Feb. 15, 1910.

4 SHEETS-SHEET l.

W. A. HENDRYX. ELECTROLYTIC APPARATUS FOR REOOVERING METALS FROMSOLUTIONS.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 23. 1906.

949,01 6. Patented Feb. 15, 1910.

.4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

W. A. HENDRYX. ELECTROLYTIC APPARATUS FOR REGOVERING METALS FROMSOLUTIONS.

I APPLICATION FILED APR. 23. 1906. 949,01 6.

Patented Feb. 15, 1910.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

- W. A. HENDRYX. ELECTROLYTIC APPARATUS FOR REGOVERING METALS FROMSOLUTIONS. APPLICATION FILED APR. 23. 1906.

Patent ed Feb.1 5,1910.

4 SHEETB-SHEET 4.

IIIIO,IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII0($ WILBUR ALSON HENDRYX, OF DENVER, COLORADO.

ELECTROLYTIC APPARATUS FOR REGOVERING METALS FROM SOLUTIONS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Feb. 15, 1910.

Application filed April 23, 1906. Serial No. 313,257.

To all whom it may concern:

. Be it knownthat I, WILBUR A. HENDRYX, acitlzen of the United States ofAmerica, residing in the city and county of Denver and State ofColorado, have invented a new and useful Electrolytic Apparatus forHecovering Metals from Solutions, of which the following is aspecification.

j My invention relates to a new and improved type of electrolyticprecipitating apparatus for the recovery of gold, silver, copl per, andother metallic values from cyanid and other chemical ore pulp solutions.

The objects of my invention are: First, to provide a new precipitatingelectro-chemical device that embodies an enormous multiplicity of metaldepositing surfaces. Second, to

provide a new filtering and electro-chemical precipltatmg device thatcontains a great multipllcity of electrical deposition cathode surfaces.Third, to provide a revoluble electro-chemical metal deposition device,havin a great multiplicity of self cleaning meta depositing cathodes."Fourth, to provide a revoluble filtering and electro-chemical metaldepositing device, having a great multiplicity of anode surfaces, and agreat multiglicity of metal depositing cathode surfaces. ixth, toprovide a new electro-chemical metal depositing revoluble filter inwhich a great multiplicity of movable anodes and self-cleaning revolublecathodes are employed, that are adapted to receive the depositions ofmetal from the chemical solutions, and that can be adapted toautomatically free themselves from the deposited metal. Seventh, toprovide a simple, inexpensive, electro-chemical deposition revolublefiltering device of great capacity. Eighth, to provide a new andimproved filtering process for electro-chemical metallic ore-pulpsolutions, which consists of circulating said solutions by means of asuitable pump from V a solution supply tank throu h a revolubleelectrodeand then through a fixed filter and back to the tank again.Ninth, to provide a new and improved method of depositing metals, whichconsists of circulating through V the medium of a suitable pump or othermethods, chemical ore pulp solution first through a revolvingelectrolytic electrode,

comprising a revolving anode, of any suitable material, and a cathode ofany suitable material, preferably in a granulated pulver lent form, andcontaining a filtering medium arranged and adapted to filter theore-pulp solutions before'they flow t0 the anodes and cathodes, and thencirculating the solutions -through a fixed filtering device providedwith filtering mediums arranged to catch any metallic values thatseparate from the cathodes and fiow with the solutions from therevoluble electrolytic electrode to the stationary filter, and thenreturning the solution to said supply tank and continuously circulatingit through said depositing apparatus until a satisfactory percentage ofits values have been electrolytically recovcred. And tenth, to provide anew system of electrolytically recovering the metallic values fromchemical ore-pulp solutions,

which consists of circulating them through a revolving depositing devicecontaining an anode, comprising a mass of granulated material, adaptedto give an enormous multiplicity of anode surfaces of any suitablecharacter, such as lead shot, and containing a cathode comprising a massof suitable material adapted to give a great multiplicity of cathodesurfaces, such as lead shot that are adapted to electrolytically receiveand retain in an easilyrecoverable manner the metallic values depositingon their surfaces, and that will permit the values deposited on them toseparate from them or be retained by them as either a high or lowcurrent is used, and then be washed from them by the onward flowingsolutions, and then circulating said solution through a fixed filteringde vice provided with filtering mediums arranged and adapted to catchthe metallic values that have separated from the shot cathodes andflowed to them in the solution, and then returning said solution to thesolution supply tank to be recirculated or to be reused with freshsupplies of ore-pulp.

I attain these objects by the mechanism illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings, in which:

Figure 1, is a plan view of my improved filtering and electrolyticapparatus for recovering the precious metals from cyanid and other orepulp solutions. Fig. 2, is a longitudinal, sectional view through theimproved revoluble, filtering, electrolytic cell. Fig. 3, is an end viewthereof. Fig. 4, is a transverse, sectional view through the same. Fig.5, is a view of a portion of a cylindrical, imperforate, sheet leadanode. Fig. 6, is a similar view, showing the surface of the anodeprovided with a multiplicity ofsmall filter, which is situated in thereceiving end of the revolving cell, a portion of the screen beingremoved. Fig. 8, is a plan view of a filtering tank used in connectionwith the improved revolving cell. Fig. 9, is a vertical, sectional viewthereof. Fig. 10, is a sectional view of a fragment of the precipitatorshowing a sheet lead anode and a cathode composed of shot, which are indirect contact with the anode, the canvas sack and anode shot beingdispensed with. Fig. 11, is a view of a revoluble precipitator, similarto that shown in Figs. 1 and 2, but in which the anode and cathode aredispensed with, the receptacle or barrel being filled with a suitableprecipitating medium. Fig. 12, is a transverse sectional view of thesame. Fig. 13 is a fragmentary section of a modification.

Similar characters of reference refer to similar parts throughout theseveral views.

Referring to the drawings, the numeral 1, designates supporting timbers,upon which are mounted four pairs of rollers, 2 and 3, said rollersbeing journaled upon supporting castings 4, and positioned to rotatablysupport a cylindrical drum 5, which carries at its ends enlarged hollowflanges 6 and 7, to which are removably bolted heads 8 and 9, that areprovided with stuffing boxes 11 and 12, to which are attached an inletsolution pipe 13, and an outlet solution pipe 14. Within the head 7, Isecure a filter 15, positioning it across the entrance to the drum. Thisfilter preferably consists of a ring of wood 16, the outside of which iscovered by a disk of canvas, or asbestos, or felt, or of any otherfiltering material or substance 17,

while the inside face of the ring is covered with a fine filteringscreen 18. The screen ring is held in place in the hollow flange chamberby calking or packing its peripheral edge all around the surface of theflange chamber with hemp or asbestos or any other suitable solutiontight material, and the space between the filtering cloth and screen isfilled with mineral wool or any other suitable filtering medium. Thering is provided with either spokes or bars, which prevent the collapseof the screens, and these spokes or bars support a central hub 20, theobject of which will be hereinafter explained. I preferably use thefilter in the solution entering end of the revoluble filtering device,and in the outlet flange 6, I preferably use a screen 2O only, althoughif desired a filter can be used also with the screen, at the dischargeend. The drum 5, is provided with an inlet aperture 21, which Ipreferably place centrally of its length. This aperture is threaded anda plug 22, is threaded to it. Within the drum between the screens, Iplace an anode, which consists of any suitably shaped member that. issomewhat smaller than the interior of the drum,

end flanges, and are secured to them by bolts 29. These trunnions andthe spiders thus centralize the anode spool in the axial center of thedrum. The trunnion at the entrance end of the drum extends through thehub 20, of the filter 15, which forms the main support for the spool atthis end, and the spiders also serve to clamp the screen 20 at thedischarge end of the drum, and a similar screen 10 at the entrance endthereof. These screens 20 and 20 cover the space between the drum 5 andthe spool 24.

Around the core of the spool, I wrap a sheet of lead 31, which may beeither imperforate or provided with a multiplicity of perforations, andto it I connect one end of an electric wire 32, which extends throughthe spider and through an aperture in the back of the end flange 6, andis connected to a commutator 33, which comprises a band of coppersecured around the inner edge of the peripheral surface flange 6, and anelectrode brush 34, is operatively arranged in bearing contact with thecommutator ring.

The commutator is suitably insulated from the flange 6, and theelectrode brush is connected to an electric wire, which is connected tothe positive pole of a suitable electrical current generator 35. Aroundthe lead sheet 31, I wrap loosely a filtering medium 36, of any suitablecharacter, preferably using canvas. The space around the lead coveredcore and between it and the canvas is filled with any suitablegranulated anode electrode material, such as granulated lead, carbon, orother suitable substances. I preferably use, however, for this purposehard or chilled fine lead shot 37, for the reason that the fine roundshot provide greater surface area than any other form or shape ofmaterial I could'use. If desired, however, the lead shot and filteringmedium may be dispensed with, and only the sheet or some other suitableanode material, be used. The space in the drum around the anode andbetween the drum and the canvas covering of the anode frame, is filledwith fine soft lead shot 39; in contradistinction to the hard or chilledshot of the anode, these soft lead shot act as cathodes, and theypresent to the solution collectively a very large cathode surface. Infact, I employ small shot for the express purpose of securing anenormous cathode surface in a very small 7-, and isconnected to a coppercommutator ring 39, that is secured around the drum close to the flange,and a commutator brush 39 is operatively arranged in electrical contactwith the commutator, and is connected a wire 39 to the negative pole ofa generator. .1 preferably use for the anode an alloyedshot known aschilled shot, as under the conditions in which I use them they arenearly insoluble in the electrochemical solutions I employ. The softlead shot which I preferably use for a cathode is also an alloyed metal,and is also practically insoluble; when used as a cathode in theelectrochemical solutionsI employ, the deposited metals will not stickto them. When a high current density is used, the metalswhen depositedother than as a reguline metal will,

. owing to the motion of the shot as the drum rotates, break off fromthe shot and be carried or washed out of the deposition cell through thescreen 20 (when a screen alone is used at the discharge end of the drum)draw samples of the solution whenever desired as it flows into theelectrolytic depositor or cell. From the pump 40, a pipe 42, extends tomy ore treating apparatus tank 43, which is fully described in my patentdatedMarch 21, 1901, No. 785,214, and in my pending application No.267785 filed June 30 1905. This agitating tank is one of the sources ofthe supply of the solutions for my electrolytic depositing process,

1 method, and system. The solution discharge pipe 14, of the dischargeend of the filter, 45

is connected to the bottom of a stationary filter 44. This filtercomprises a filter frame of any suitable form, having a conical bottomin which close to its lower apex I place a draw-off valve 44. Ipreferably use a rectangular shaped filter, having a rectangular shapedbottom terminating in a small inlet aperture at its lower apex, to whichthe pipe 14, is attached. Across this tank at the junction of theconical bottom with the straight part, I place a lattice frame 45, tothe top of which I secure a plurality of filtering sacks 46, which maybe of any suitable material, placing them with their open ends downwardand securing the edges of their open ends down to the slats in such amanner that the mouth of each sack will register with the open spacesbetween the slats. These sacks may be provided with any suitableprecipitating material, compounds, or agent, such as zinc shavings, or

iron, as illustrated in my application above up through the slots ofthis latticed frame into the filtering sacks, and through them and outof the top of the tank through a pipe 47, which is connected at one endthere to, and which extends to and discharges into the agitating tank,(if desired. one large filtering sack. may be used in the stationarytank in place of a number of sacks, as shown,) in case it is desired towork the solutions over and over again, or it may be run into a separatetank for reuse with new solutions, or run to .waste as desired. It is mypractice to reuse this solution with new solution in the agitating tank,with fresh charges of ore. If desired, however, the solutions can be runfrom the agitating tank into a separate tank, which I do not show, bygravity, and this tank can be connected to the pump and to the fixedfilter, and the solutions circulated through the revoluble and fixedfilters and the tank and pump as long as desired.

The operation is as follows: The agitating tank receives a charge of anumber of tons of ore, and of one or two times the bulk of cyanid orother gold dissolving solution as the ore, and within the tank areplaced a group of electrolytic electrodes, which are operativelyconnected to a low tension cur-. rent generator. The solution andore'pulp are agitated, and a large percentage'of the gold and silvervalues of the ore is deposited on the electrodes. The solution, however,generally retains a few per cent. of the values, and it is the largestproportion of the values that I have designed my revolving electrolyticprecipitating and filtering apparatus to recover. Consequently, duringthe 110 operation of the agitator the solution is drawn by vacuum to thepump, and by the pump is forced into and through the revolvingdepositor. This depositor operatively connected to a source of rotativepower, pref- 115 erably by placing a belt around the periph eral surfaceof one of the flanges, and is kept rotating during the time the pump iskept in action. When the solution first enters the electrolyticdepositor, it encounters the filter disk, and all finely pulverized orethat may be carried from the tank through the pump to the filter isarrested, and only clear. solution flows through this filter. Thesolution next flows through the screen, which is fine enough to hold thefine shot in the drum. The solution then flows through the fine shotthat composes the cathode and also the anode when shot are used for theanode, and as the depositor is continuously rotated the shot 13o moveand rub against each other, and each shot forms an independent cathodesurface by itself, but as enough shot are placed in the drum to fill itfull around the anode, the current flows freely from one to the other,and permeates the mass, and the electrolytic action between the anodeand the shot cathode deposits the gold and silver on the cathode shot,but owing to the nature of the solutions, all the metals do not as arule stick or adhere to them, as a reguline metal, particularly whenhigh currents are carried, as in a very large portion of the orestreated the values are deposited as a soft precipitate or a soft oxid,that easily detaches from the shot as they rub and roll together, andthis deposit is worked through the shot by the onward flowing solution,and is carried through the shot holding screen and pipe 14, into thefixed filter, where the solutions enter the mouths of the filter sacksand flow up through them, while the gold and silver deposit that escapesfrom the lead shot cath odes is caught by the filtering sacks or bytheir contents, as when desired these sacks may be filled with zincshavings or with any suitable material compound adapted to arrest andcollect the precious metals. The solution then flows from the top of thefixed filter tank through the pipe to the agitating tank, and isrecirculated with the contents of the agitating tank as long as desired.A certain amount of the gold and silver values of the ore pulp willcling or adhere to the lead cathodes, especially when low current iscarried, and from time to time these lead cathodes are emptied outthrough the plugged aperture through which they were inserted, and aremelted down and the values recovered from them. The soft precipitate oroxid of the precious metals that flows from the shot cathodes into thefilter tank, and that is not caught by the sacks, drops to the conicalbottom of the tank, and accumulates there, and is drawn oil from time totime through the valve 44 and is melted into bullion. Copper and othermetals are also electrolytically recovered by my new electrolyticdepositing system. If desired the solution can be run from the agitatingtank into a separate tank, and be circulated through the revolvingelectrolyticand metals-recovering filter, and back to the tank,continuously, as long as desired.

In Figs. 11 and 12, I illustrate a'revoluble barrel precipitator 48,similar in construction to that shown in Figs. 1 and 2, but in which theanode and cathode are dispensed with, and the barrel is filled with asuitable precipitating medium such as zinc shavings, iron, or steelshavings, or scrap iron in any form, upon which the values areprecipitated by chemical action alone.- This barrel is constructed ofmaterial suited to the character of the solution employed, which may beeither acid or alkaline. The barrel is supported either upon rollers 49,or on trunnions, and from one end a pipe or hose 50, leads to thesolution tank 43, while from the other end, a pipe or hose 51 leads to afilter tank 52, similar to the tank 44. Upon the discharge end of thebarrel, is secured a perforated plate 53, of suitable material,preferably clay, Wood, or iron, and between this plate and the head 54,of the barrel, a chamber 55, is formed, into which the solution passes,and from which it flows to the filter tank through the pipe 51. The zincshavings when employed, will catch the gold, as the solutlon passesthrough the barrel, and the scrap iron or iron shavings when employed,will catch the copper, and the gold or silver, that may be in thesolution, and the solution will be practically free of gold, silver, andcopper, after leaving the precipitator.

My invention enables me to recover a very large percentage of the goldand silver values of gold and silver bearing solutions not directlyrecovered in the agitating tank when used in connection with my agitatorIt will also prove valuable in treating the cyanid solutions of thecommonly used cyanid processes, where my agitator is not used, as by itsuse a very large and satisfactory recovery of the gold, silver, copper,and other metallic values of ores can be very speedily recovered, and ina form in which they can be easily reduced to their natural bullion. Thefriction of the rubbing and rolling of the shot on each other keeps thembright and clean and aids electrolytic action.

lVhile my invention contemplates the use of any suitable cathode andanode material, and in any suitable form, and any arrangement itespecially contemplates, I especially claim the use of shot for use forboth cathodes and anodes, as they enable me to confine in a small devicean enormous amount of anode and cathode surface. Furthermore, I do notwish to be limited to the construction and arrangement shown anddescribed, as a number of other mechanical constructions could be usedfor operatively employing shot for anodes and cathodes in connectionwith a filtering medium without departing from the spirit of myinvention. Thus, the anode could be arranged to surround the cathode,and be made in any desired manner.

Instead of shot, I may use mercury as the cathode in a constructionsubstantially as shown in Figs. 1-4, the only modification requiredbeing the provision of end flanges of suitable depth to prevent escapeof mercury from the central portion of the depositor, while stillproviding space for the free passage of the electrolyte. A modificationof this character is illustrated in Fig. 13,

wherein the flanges for retaining the mercury 39 are formed by anannular rim 27 constituting a portion of the spiders 27, 28. Havingdescribed my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure byLetters Patent, is:

1. In an electrolytic depositing apparatus,

the combination with a tank provided with a supply of a chemical orepulp solution, a pump connected to said tank, a revolving electrolyticdepositing device connected to said pump, having an anode comprised of asuitable metal in a granulated or shot form, and a cathode comprised ofa suitable metal in a granulated or shot form, and means including apipe for conveying the solution from said filtering device to said tank,as specified.

2. In an electrolytic depositing apparatus, the combination with a tank,provided with a supply of chemical ore pulp solution, and the pump, of arevolving drum, having a filter in its inlet end, and a screen in bothends, an anode in said drum, and a cathode also in said drum, bothoperatively connected witha suitable current generator, as specified.

3. In an electrolytic depositing apparatus for chemical ore pulpsolutions, a'revolving drum having a solution inlet and outlet pipe, afiltering device at its solution entering end, and an electrolyticalanode and cathode operatively positioned in said drum in the path of thesolutions, and means for circulating ore pulp solutions through saiddrum, as specified.

. l. In an electrolytical depositing apparatus, a chemical ore pulpsolution filtering and precipitating device, comprising a revoluble drumprovided with a solution inlet and outlet, and having a filtering mediumadjacent to its solution inlet, and a cathode of leadshot operativelyarranged in said device, and connected to a suitable current generator,as specified.

5. A filtering electrolytic precipitating device "for chemical ore-pulpsolutions, comprising a revolving drum, having a filtering medium at itsinlet end, an anode comprlsing a body of shot, a cathode comprising abody of shot, said anode and cathode operatively connected to anelectric current generator, and means for flowing ore-pulp solutionsthrough said revolving drum, as specified.

6. An electrolytic precipitating device, comprising a revolving device,having an anode composed of a mass of shot or a granulated product or aperforated or corrugated or a solid of any suitable anode material, anda cathode comprising a mass of shot or granulated product of anysuitable cathode material, said anode and cathode being operativelyconnected to a suitable electric current generator, as specified.

7 An electrolytic precipitating device for I chemical ore pulpsolutions, comprising a device provided with cathode comprising a massof lead shot, and a suitable anode, said anode and cathode beingelectrolytically connected to an electric current gen erator, asspecified.

8. An electrolytic precipitating revolving cell, for chemical ore pulpsolutions, comprising a revoluble drum or barrel having a solution inletand outlet, a filter adjacent to said solution inlet adapted to arrestthe finely pulverized ore in the solution, a cathode comprising a bodyof lead shot, and an anode comprising a body of lead shot, a suitableelectric current generator, and suitable electrical connections betweensaid generator and said lead-shot cathode and anode, as specified.

9. A depositing electrolytic device, comprising a rotating casing,containing a rotating filtering medium, and a rotating anode and cathodecomposed of any suitable metal or material in granulated or shot formelectrically connected to a suitable electric current generator, asspecified.

10. A depositlng electrolytic device, comprising a revolving casing, ananode in said casing composed of any suitable material in the form ofshot fine enough to provide a multiplicity of anode sur aces, said shotanodes being incased in a filtering medium, a cathode in said casingcomposed of any suitable material adapted to permit'the ready detachmentof solid matter accumulating thereon, and in the form of shot fineenough to provide great multiplicity of cathode surfaces, and arrangedto frictionally rub and roll on one another as said casing rotates,saidanode and cathode being operatively connected to a suitable electriccurrent generator.

11. A depositing electrolytic device for recovering the metallic valuesof cyanid ore pulp solutions, comprising a rotating casing, a filteringmedium, a cathode in a subdivided, granulated, or shot form containinglead of a quality adapted to permit the ready deposition of the metalsthereon, and arranged to roll and rub together as said casing rotates,an anode at the center of said casing within said lead shot cathode,composed of shot, a filtering envelop surround- 1ng said lead shotanode, said anode shot being arranged to roll and rub on each other assaid anode rotates with said casing, a screen at each end portion ofsaid casing, arranged to retain said cathode shot around said anode,suitable electrical commutator rings on said casing, circuit wiresconnected to said anode and cathode and to said commutator rings,commutator brushes arranged in operative relation to said commutatorrings, and operatively connected to an electrio current generator, asspecified.

in said tank intermediate of its ends, and a valved discharge aperturein its lower end, as specified.

13. A metallurgical a paratus comprising in combination a disso vingvessel, a precipitating cell mounted for rotation, a filter,

and means for conveying a liquid between said vessel, cell and filter.

14:. A metallurgical apparatus comprising in combination a dissolvingvessel, an electrolytic precipitating cell having a permeable electrode,a filter, and means for conveying a liquid between said vessel, cell andfilter. 7

15. A metallurgical apparatus comprising in combination a dissolvingtank, an elec trolytic precipitating cell having a permeable electrodeconsisting of detached metallic particles, a filter, and means forconveying aliquid between said tank, cell and filter.

16. A revolving filtering precipitating cell, comprising a cylindricalcasing, a filtering medium in said cell, an electrode in the axialcenter of said cylindrical casing, composed of a cylinder of lead orother suitable material, an electric current wire connected at one endto said electrode, a cylindrical layer of shot surrounding saidcylindical electrode, and a filtering medium surrounding said shot, witha circumferential layer of lead shot surrounding said electrode andfilling said cylindrical casing, an electric circuit connected to saidleadcathode, and a suitable electric circuit generator operativelyconnected to the circuit wires of said cathode and anode, and means forcirculating cyanid or other chemical ore-pulp solutions through saidcell, and for collecting the deposit dctached from said cathode.

17 In an electrolytic depositing apparatus for cyanid and other chemicalore pulp solutions, the combination of a solution holding tank, arevolving filtering electrolytic cell having an anode in granulated orshot form, and a cathode in granulated or shot form surrounding saidanode, means for electrolytically connecting said anode and cathodeoperatively together, and means for circulating solutions from said tankthrough said revolving filtering electrolytic cell.

18. In an electrolytic depositing apparatus, the combination of thesolution holding and agitating tank, provided with electrolyticelectrodes, the revolving filtering electrolytic cell, the stationaryfiltering tank, and the pump and piping arranged to circulate solutionsfrom said solution holding and agitating tank through said revolvingcell and stationary tank back to said solution holding and agitatingtank.

19. An electro-precipitating and ore-pulp solution circulating apparatusfor cyanid and other chemical ore-pulp solutions, com prising a movableanode and cathode, constructed to permit circulation of the electrolyteoperatively connected together electrolytically, and to a suitablesupply of electric current, a. supply of cyanid or other chemical orepulp solutions, and means for circulating said solutions through saidmovable anode and cathode.

20. A cyanid and other chemical ore pulp solution filtering and electroprecipitating apparatus for recovering the precious metals from ores,which consists of a movable filtering medium, a movable anode andcathode operatively connected in electrolytic relation and constructedto permit circulation of the electrolyte, a stationary filtering medium,a supply of cyanid or other che1n ical ore pulp solutions, and means forcirculating said solutions through said movable filter and anode andcathode, and said stationary filter, as specified.

In testimony whereof I affiX my signature in presence of two witnesses.

WILBUR ALSON HENDRYX.

\Vitnesses:

G. SARGENT ELLIOTT, THEODORA WELLS.

